UK considers re-evaluating post-Brexit migration policies

Previously, Burnham stated that any return to a pre-Brexit movement agreement would necessitate a national referendum. He has consistently expressed concerns that Brexit has caused “more harm than good,” signaling a potential shift in the UK’s relationship with the European bloc.

Burnham recently commented on the changes observed over the past decade since Brexit, stating, “I was asked about how things have changed in the 10 years since Brexit, and the truth of the matter is we’ve lost immigration control in the way that we once had.” He cited the ongoing small boats crisis as a consequence of losing agreements that facilitated returns with other countries, and expressed concern about permanent settlement patterns.

A potential return to free movement would eliminate the current points-based immigration system for European nationals, reinstating reciprocal rights aligned with European Single Market regulations. For UK citizens, it would remove the 90-day Schengen limit, eliminating the need for visas, employer sponsorship, and electronic permits for travel within Europe. The UK would likely maintain its own border controls by not formally joining the Schengen area.

Under such an agreement, UK passport holders could live, study, and work freely across the 27 EU member states, regaining access to reciprocal healthcare through the EHIC system and coordinated state pensions. EU citizens would similarly be able to move to the UK for work without meeting salary thresholds or incurring visa fees. It’s important to note that previous freedom of movement rules required individuals staying longer than three months to be employed, self-employed, studying, or financially self-sufficient with private health cover.

Contrary to expectations, Brexit did not significantly reduce overall immigration. Instead, it shifted the origin of migrants, with net migration reaching a peak of 944,000 in the year to March 2023, largely due to increased arrivals from non-EU countries. Subsequent tightening of visa rules in 2024 and 2025, including bans on dependents and increased salary requirements to £38,700, lowered net migration to approximately 171,000.

This shift has also resulted in a greater number of permanent residents in the UK, rather than seasonal workers from Europe. While European net migration is currently negative, with more EU nationals leaving than arriving, other routes for international students and healthcare workers from countries like India and Nigeria have expanded.

A full return to freedom of movement is unlikely before the next decade. Burnham has committed to upholding Labour’s Brexit red lines until after the next general election, tentatively scheduled for 2029, and has indicated a referendum would be required. Negotiations with EU officials would also be necessary, likely requiring the UK to rejoin the European Single Market. Discussions are ongoing regarding smaller, targeted mobility deals, including a potential youth mobility scheme for individuals aged 18 to 30.